In Vivo Evaluation of the Anti-inflammatory Effects of Peronema canescens (Sungkai) Leaf Extract Through Modulation of TNF-α, IL-6, and COX-2 Expression in Rodent Models.

Abstract

Inflammation is a central contributor to various pathological conditions, and the need for safe, plant-based anti-inflammatory agents continues to grow. Peronema canescens (sungkai), an Indonesian medicinal plant, is traditionally used for fever and infection, yet its molecular anti-inflammatory effects remain underexplored. This study aimed to evaluate the in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of sungkai leaf extract by assessing its modulation of TNF-α, IL-6, and COX-2 expression in rodent models. Thirty-six male Wistar rats were divided into six groups, including normal control, negative control, positive control, and three extract-treated groups. Acute inflammation was induced using carrageenan, followed by assessment of paw edema, serum cytokines (ELISA), and COX-2 gene expression (qPCR). One-way ANOVA showed significant differences among groups for paw edema (p < 0.001), TNF-α (p < 0.001), IL-6 (p < 0.001), and COX-2 (p < 0.001). Tukey’s post hoc analysis revealed that the high-dose extract produced effects comparable to diclofenac, while medium and low doses showed moderate but significant reductions. The extract effectively decreased inflammatory swelling and suppressed key pro-inflammatory mediators in a dose-dependent manner. These results demonstrate that Peronema canescens possesses potent anti-inflammatory activity, supporting its potential as a natural therapeutic agent. Further studies on its phytochemical composition and long-term safety are recommended